06《孫子兵法》虛實篇第六 虛實篇
孫子曰：凡先處戰地而待敵者佚，後處戰地而趨戰者勞。故善戰者，
緻人 而不緻於人。
緻人 而不緻於人。
能使敵自至者，利之也﹔能使敵不得
至者，害之也。故敵佚能勞之，
飽能飢之，安能動之。
飽能飢之，安能動之。
出其所不趨，趨其所不意。行千里而不勞者，行於無人之地也。攻而
必取者，攻其所不守也。守而必固者，守其所不攻 也。
必取者，攻其所不守也。守而必固者，守其所不攻 也。
故善攻者，敵不知其所守。善守者，敵不知其
所攻。
微乎微乎，至於無形，神乎神乎，至於無
聲，故能為敵之司命。
進而不可禦者，沖其虛也﹔
退而不可追者，速而不可及也。故我欲戰
，敵雖高壘深溝，不得不與我戰者，攻其所必救也﹔我不欲戰，雖畫
地而守之，敵不得與我戰者，乖其所 之也。
，敵雖高壘深溝，不得不與我戰者，攻其所必救也﹔我不欲戰，雖畫
地而守之，敵不得與我戰者，乖其所 之也。
故形人而我無形，則我專而敵分﹔我專為
一，敵分為十，是以十攻其
一也，則我眾而敵寡﹔能以眾擊寡者，則吾之所與戰者，約矣。吾所
與戰之地不可知，不可知，則敵所備者多，敵所備 者多，則吾之所戰
者，寡矣。
一也，則我眾而敵寡﹔能以眾擊寡者，則吾之所與戰者，約矣。吾所
與戰之地不可知，不可知，則敵所備者多，敵所備 者多，則吾之所戰
者，寡矣。
故備前則後
寡，備後則前寡，故備左則右寡，備右則左寡，無所不備
，則無所不寡。寡者備人者也，眾者使人備己者也。
，則無所不寡。寡者備人者也，眾者使人備己者也。
故知戰之地，知戰之日，則可千里而會戰。不知戰之地，不知戰之日
，則 左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救後，後不能救前，而況遠者
數十里，近者數裏乎？
，則 左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救後，後不能救前，而況遠者
數十里，近者數裏乎？
以吾度之，越人之兵雖多，亦奚益於勝敗哉？！
故曰：勝可為也。敵雖眾，可使無鬥。
故策之而知得失之計，作之而知動靜之理，形之而知死生之地，角之
而知有餘不足之處。
而知有餘不足之處。
故形兵之極，至於無形﹔無形，則深間不能窺，智者不能謀。
因形而錯勝於眾，眾不能知﹔人皆知我所以勝之形，而莫知吾所以制
勝 之形。故其戰勝不復，而應形於無窮。
勝 之形。故其戰勝不復，而應形於無窮。
夫兵形象
水，水之形避高而趨下，兵之形，避實而擊虛，水因地而制
流，兵應敵而制勝。故兵無常勢，水無常形，能因敵變化而取勝者，
謂之神。
流，兵應敵而制勝。故兵無常勢，水無常形，能因敵變化而取勝者，
謂之神。
故五行無常勝，四時無常位，日有短長，月有死生。
VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG
1. Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first
in the field and
awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight;
whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle
will arrive exhausted.
awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight;
whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle
will arrive exhausted.
2.
Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on
the enemy, but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him.
the enemy, but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him.
3. By holding
out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy
to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage,
he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.
to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage,
he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.
4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him;
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out;
if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out;
if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
5. Appear at points which the enemy
must hasten to defend;
march swiftly to places where you are not expected.
march swiftly to places where you are not expected.
6. An army may march great distances without distress,
if it marches through country where the enemy is not.
if it marches through country where the enemy is not.
7. You can be
sure of succeeding in your attacks
if you only attack places which are undefended. You can
ensure the safety of your defence if you only hold
positions that cannot be attacked.
if you only attack places which are undefended. You can
ensure the safety of your defence if you only hold
positions that cannot be attacked.
8. Hence that general is skilful in
attack whose
opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skilful
in defence whose opponent does not know what to attack.
opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skilful
in defence whose opponent does not know what to attack.
9. O divine
art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you
we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible;
and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands.
we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible;
and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands.
10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible,
if you make for the enemy's weak points; you may retire
and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid
than those of the enemy.
if you make for the enemy's weak points; you may retire
and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid
than those of the enemy.
11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced
to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high
rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack
some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high
rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack
some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent
the enemy from engaging us even though the lines
of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground.
All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable
in his way.
the enemy from engaging us even though the lines
of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground.
All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable
in his way.
13. By discovering the enemy's
dispositions and remaining
invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated,
while the enemy's must be divided.
invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated,
while the enemy's must be divided.
14. We can
form a single united body, while the
enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will
be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole,
which means that we shall be many to the enemy's few.
enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will
be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole,
which means that we shall be many to the enemy's few.
15. And if we
are able thus to attack an inferior force
with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.
with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.
16. The spot where we intend to
fight must not be
made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare
against a possible attack at several different points;
and his forces being thus distributed in many directions,
the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will
be proportionately few.
made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare
against a possible attack at several different points;
and his forces being thus distributed in many directions,
the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will
be proportionately few.
17. For should
the enemy strengthen his van,
he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear,
he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left,
he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right,
he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere,
he will everywhere be weak.
he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear,
he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left,
he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right,
he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere,
he will everywhere be weak.
18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare
against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling
our adversary to make these preparations against us.
against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling
our adversary to make these preparations against us.
19. Knowing the place and the time
of the coming battle,
we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order
to fight.
we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order
to fight.
20. But if neither time nor place be known,
then the left wing will be impotent to succour the right,
the right equally impotent to succour the left, the van
unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van.
How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are
anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the nearest
are separated by several LI!
then the left wing will be impotent to succour the right,
the right equally impotent to succour the left, the van
unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van.
How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are
anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the nearest
are separated by several LI!
21. Though according to my estimate
the soldiers
of Yueh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage
them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then
that victory can be achieved.
of Yueh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage
them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then
that victory can be achieved.
22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may
prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover
his plans and the likelihood of their success.
prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover
his plans and the likelihood of their success.
23. Rouse him, and learn the
principle of his
activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself,
so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself,
so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
24. Carefully compare the opposing
army with your own,
so that you may know where strength is superabundant
and where it is deficient.
so that you may know where strength is superabundant
and where it is deficient.
25. In making tactical
dispositions, the highest pitch
you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions,
and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies,
from the machinations of the wisest brains.
you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions,
and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies,
from the machinations of the wisest brains.
26. How
victory may be produced for them out of the enemy's
own tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
own tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
27. All men can see the tactics
whereby I conquer,
but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory
is evolved.
but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory
is evolved.
28. Do not repeat the tactics which
have gained
you one victory, but let your methods be regulated
by the infinite variety of circumstances.
you one victory, but let your methods be regulated
by the infinite variety of circumstances.
29. Military tactics are like unto
water; for water in its
natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong
and to strike at what is weak.
and to strike at what is weak.
31. Water shapes its course
according to the nature
of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works
out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.
of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works
out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.
32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape,
so in warfare there are no constant conditions.
so in warfare there are no constant conditions.
33. He who can
modify his tactics in relation to his
opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called
a heaven-born captain.
opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called
a heaven-born captain.
34. The five
elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth)
are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make
way for each other in turn. There are short days and long;
the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make
way for each other in turn. There are short days and long;
the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
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