01《孫子兵法》計篇第一
計篇
孫子曰：兵者，國之大事，
死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。
故經之以五，
校之以計，而索其情：
一曰道，
二曰天，
三 曰地，
四曰將，
五曰法。
二曰天，
三 曰地，
四曰將，
五曰法。
天者，陰陽、寒暑、時制也。
地者，高下、遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也。
將 者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也。
法者，曲制、官道、主用也。
地者，高下、遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也。
將 者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也。
法者，曲制、官道、主用也。
凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知之者不勝。
故校之以計，而索其情。
曰：主孰有道？
將孰有能？
天地孰得？
法令孰行？
兵 眾孰強？
士卒孰練？
賞罰孰明？
吾以此知勝負矣。
將孰有能？
天地孰得？
法令孰行？
兵 眾孰強？
士卒孰練？
賞罰孰明？
吾以此知勝負矣。
將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之﹔
將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。
將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。
計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。勢者，因利而制權也。
兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近。
利而誘之，亂而取之，實而備之，強而避之，怒而撓之，
卑而驕之，佚 而勞之，親而離之，攻其不備，出其不意。
卑而驕之，佚 而勞之，親而離之，攻其不備，出其不意。
此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。
夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也
﹔
未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。
未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。
多算勝，少算不勝，而況無算乎！吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。
I. LAYING PLANS
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is
of vital importance
to the State.
to the State.
2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either
to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry
which can on no account be neglected.
to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry
which can on no account be neglected.
3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant
factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations,
when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations,
when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
4. These are:
(1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth;
(4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.
(4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.
5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete
accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him
regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.
accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him
regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.
7. Heaven signifies night and day,
cold and heat,
times and seasons.
times and seasons.
8. Earth comprises distances, great
and small;
danger and security; open ground and narrow passes;
the chances of life and death.
danger and security; open ground and narrow passes;
the chances of life and death.
9. The Commander stands for the
virtues of wisdom,
sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.
sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.
10. By method
and discipline are to be understood
the marshalling of the army in its proper subdivisions,
the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance
of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the
control of military expenditure.
the marshalling of the army in its proper subdivisions,
the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance
of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the
control of military expenditure.
11. These five heads should be
familiar to every general:
he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them
not will fail.
he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them
not will fail.
12. Therefore, in your
deliberations, when seeking
to determine the military conditions, let them be made
the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--
to determine the military conditions, let them be made
the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--
13. (1) Which
of the two sovereigns is imbued
with the Moral law?
(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven
and Earth?
(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
(5) Which army is stronger?
(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
(7) In which army is there the greater constancy
both in reward and punishment?
with the Moral law?
(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven
and Earth?
(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
(5) Which army is stronger?
(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
(7) In which army is there the greater constancy
both in reward and punishment?
14. By means
of these seven considerations I can
forecast victory or defeat.
forecast victory or defeat.
15. The
general that hearkens to my counsel and acts
upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command!
The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it,
will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command!
The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it,
will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
16. While heading the profit of my counsel,
avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances
over and beyond the ordinary rules.
avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances
over and beyond the ordinary rules.
17. According as circumstances are favourable,
one should modify one's plans.
one should modify one's plans.
18. All warfare is based on
deception.
19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable;
when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we
are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away;
when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we
are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away;
when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
20. Hold out baits to entice the
enemy. Feign disorder,
and crush him.
and crush him.
21. If he is secure at all points,
be prepared for him.
If he is in superior strength, evade him.
If he is in superior strength, evade him.
22. If your
opponent is of choleric temper, seek to
irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
23. If he is taking his ease, give
him no rest.
If his forces are united, separate them.
If his forces are united, separate them.
24. Attack him
where he is unprepared, appear where
you are not expected.
you are not expected.
25. These
military devices, leading to victory,
must not be divulged beforehand.
must not be divulged beforehand.
26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many
calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.
The general who loses a battle makes but few
calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations
lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat:
how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention
to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.
The general who loses a battle makes but few
calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations
lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat:
how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention
to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
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