13《孫子兵法》用間篇第十三 用間篇
孫子曰：凡興師十萬，出征千里，百姓之費，公家之奉，日費千金。
內外 騷動，怠於道路，不得操事者，七十萬家。相守數年，以爭一日
之勝，而愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情者，不仁之至也。非人之將也，非
主之佐也，非 勝之主也。故明君賢將，所以動而勝人，成功出於眾者
，先知也。先知者，不可取於鬼神，不可象於事，不可驗於度。必取
於人，知敵之情者也。
內外 騷動，怠於道路，不得操事者，七十萬家。相守數年，以爭一日
之勝，而愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情者，不仁之至也。非人之將也，非
主之佐也，非 勝之主也。故明君賢將，所以動而勝人，成功出於眾者
，先知也。先知者，不可取於鬼神，不可象於事，不可驗於度。必取
於人，知敵之情者也。
故用間有五：有因間，有內間，有反間，有死間，有生間。五間俱起
， 莫知其道，是謂神紀，人君之寶也。因間者，因其鄉人而用之。內
間者，因其官人而用之。反間者，因其敵間而用之。死間者，為誑事
於外，令吾 聞知之，而傳於敵間也。生間者，反報也。
， 莫知其道，是謂神紀，人君之寶也。因間者，因其鄉人而用之。內
間者，因其官人而用之。反間者，因其敵間而用之。死間者，為誑事
於外，令吾 聞知之，而傳於敵間也。生間者，反報也。
故三軍
之事，莫親於間，賞莫厚於間，事莫密於間。非聖智不能用間
，非仁義不能使間，非微妙不能得間之實。微哉！微哉！無所不用間
也。間事未發， 而先聞者，間與所告者兼死。
，非仁義不能使間，非微妙不能得間之實。微哉！微哉！無所不用間
也。間事未發， 而先聞者，間與所告者兼死。
凡軍之所欲擊，城之
所欲攻，人之所欲殺，必先知其守將、左右、謁
者、門者、舍人之姓名，令吾間必索知之。
者、門者、舍人之姓名，令吾間必索知之。
必索敵人之間來間我者，因而利之，導而舍之，故反間可得而用也。
因是而知之，故鄉間、內間可得而使也﹔因是而知 之，故死間為誑事
可使告敵﹔因是而知之，故生間可使如期。五間之事，君必知之，知
之必在於反間，故反間不可不厚也。
因是而知之，故鄉間、內間可得而使也﹔因是而知 之，故死間為誑事
可使告敵﹔因是而知之，故生間可使如期。五間之事，君必知之，知
之必在於反間，故反間不可不厚也。
昔殷之興也，伊摯在夏﹔周之興也，呂牙在殷。故惟明君賢將能以上
智 為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍之所恃而動也。
智 為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍之所恃而動也。
XIII. THE USE OF SPIES
1. Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a
hundred thousand
men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss
on the people and a drain on the resources of the State.
The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces
of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad,
and men will drop down exhausted on the highways.
As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded
in their labour.
men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss
on the people and a drain on the resources of the State.
The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces
of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad,
and men will drop down exhausted on the highways.
As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded
in their labour.
2. Hostile armies may face each other for years,
striving for the victory which is decided in a single day.
This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's
condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred
ounces of silver in honours and emoluments, is the height
of inhumanity.
striving for the victory which is decided in a single day.
This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's
condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred
ounces of silver in honours and emoluments, is the height
of inhumanity.
3. One who acts thus is no leader
of men, no present
help to his sovereign, no master of victory.
help to his sovereign, no master of victory.
4. Thus, what
enables the wise sovereign and the good
general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond
the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.
general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond
the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.
5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from
spirits;
it cannot be obtained inductively from experience,
nor by any deductive calculation.
it cannot be obtained inductively from experience,
nor by any deductive calculation.
6. Knowledge of the enemy's
dispositions can only
be obtained from other men.
be obtained from other men.
7. Hence the
use of spies, of whom there are five classes:
(1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies;
(4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.
(1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies;
(4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.
8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work,
none can discover the secret system. This is called "divine
manipulation of the threads." It is the sovereign's
most precious faculty.
none can discover the secret system. This is called "divine
manipulation of the threads." It is the sovereign's
most precious faculty.
9. Having
local spies means employing the services
of the inhabitants of a district.
of the inhabitants of a district.
10. Having inward spies, making use of officials
of the enemy.
of the enemy.
11. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's
spies and using them for our own purposes.
spies and using them for our own purposes.
12. Having doomed spies, doing
certain things openly
for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to know
of them and report them to the enemy.
for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to know
of them and report them to the enemy.
13. Surviving
spies, finally, are those who bring
back news from the enemy's camp.
back news from the enemy's camp.
14. Hence it
is that which none in the whole army are
more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies.
None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other
business should greater secrecy be preserved.
more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies.
None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other
business should greater secrecy be preserved.
15. Spies
cannot be usefully employed without a certain
intuitive sagacity.
intuitive sagacity.
16. They
cannot be properly managed without benevolence
and straightforwardness.
and straightforwardness.
17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make
certain of the truth of their reports.
certain of the truth of their reports.
18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use
your spies for every
kind of business.
kind of business.
19. If a secret piece of news is
divulged by a spy
before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together
with the man to whom the secret was told.
before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together
with the man to whom the secret was told.
20. Whether
the object be to crush an army, to storm
a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always
necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,
the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the general
in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.
a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always
necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,
the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the general
in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.
21. The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us
must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and
comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted
spies and available for our service.
must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and
comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted
spies and available for our service.
22. It is
through the information brought by the
converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ
local and inward spies.
converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ
local and inward spies.
23. It is
owing to his information, again, that we can
cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.
cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.
24. Lastly, it is by his information
that the surviving
spy can be used on appointed occasions.
spy can be used on appointed occasions.
25. The end
and aim of spying in all its five varieties
is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only
be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy.
Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated
with the utmost liberality.
is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only
be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy.
Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated
with the utmost liberality.
26. Of old, the rise of the Yin
dynasty was due to I
Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise
of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served
under the Yin.
Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise
of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served
under the Yin.
27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the
wise general who will use the highest intelligence of
the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve
great results. Spies are a most important element in water,
because on them depends an army's ability to move.
wise general who will use the highest intelligence of
the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve
great results. Spies are a most important element in water,
because on them depends an army's ability to move.
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