《孫子兵法》九地篇第十一

11《孫子兵法》九地篇第十一　　　　　　　　　　　　　九地篇

孫子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有
重 地，有圮地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯自戰其地，為散地。入人之地
不深者，為輕地。我得則利，彼得亦利者，為爭地。我可以往，彼可
以來者，為 交地。諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下眾者，為衢地。入人
之地深，背城邑多者，為重地。山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，
為圮地。所從由入者 隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊我之眾者，為圍地
。疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止
，爭地則無攻，衢地則合交， 重地則掠，圮地則行，圍地則謀，死地
則戰。

所謂古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，眾寡不相恃，貴賤不相救
，上下不相收，卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。合於利而 動，不合於利而
止。敢問：“敵眾整而將來，待之若何？"曰：“先奪其所愛，則聽
矣。"

兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。

凡為客之道：深入則專，主人不剋。掠於饒野，三軍足食。謹養而勿
勞， 並氣積力，運並計謀，為不可測。投之無所往，死且不北。死焉
不得，士人盡力。兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已
則鬥。是故其 兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信。禁祥去
疑，至死無所之。吾士無餘財，非惡貨也﹔無餘命，非惡壽也。令發
之日，士卒坐者涕沾 襟，偃臥者淚交頤。投之無所往者，諸、劌之勇
也。

故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其
尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。敢問：“兵可使如率 然乎？"曰：“
可。"夫吳人與越人相惡也，當其衕舟而濟，遇風，其相救也，如左
右手。是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也。齊勇如一，政之道也，剛柔 皆得，
地之理也。故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。

將軍之事：靜以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知。易其事，
革其謀，使人無識。易其居，迂其途，使人不得慮。 帥與之期，如登
高而去其梯。帥與之深入諸侯之地，而發其機，焚舟破釜，若驅群羊
。驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。聚三軍之眾，投之於險，此謂 將軍之
事也。九地之變，屈伸之力，人情之理，不可不察也。

凡為客之道：深則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也﹔四達者，
衢地也﹔入深者，重地也﹔入淺者，輕地也﹔背固前 隘者，圍地也﹔
無所往者，死地也。

是故 散地，吾將一其誌﹔輕地，吾將使之屬﹔爭地，吾將趨其後﹔交
地，吾將謹其守﹔衢地，吾將固其結﹔重地，吾將繼其食﹔圮地，吾
將進其途﹔圍 地，吾將塞其闕﹔死地，吾將示之以不活。

故兵之 情：圍則禦，不得已則鬥，過則從。

是故不知諸侯 之謀者，不能預交。不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不
能行軍。不用鄉導，不能得地利。四五者，不知一，非霸、王之兵也
。夫霸、王之兵，伐大 國，則其眾不得聚﹔威加於敵，則其交不得合
。是故不爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加於敵，則其城
可拔，其國可隳。施無法之賞， 懸無政之令，犯三軍之眾，若使一人
。犯之以事，勿告以言。犯之以利，勿告以害。

投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。夫眾陷於害，然後能為勝敗。

故為兵之事，在於佯順敵之意，並敵一曏，千里殺將，是謂巧能成事
者 也。

是故政舉之日，夷關折符，無通其使﹔勵於廊 廟之上，以誅其事。敵
人開闔，必亟入之，先其所愛，微與之期。踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是
故始如處女，敵人開戶，後如脫兔，敵不及拒。

XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS

1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground:
(1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground;
(4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways;
(6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground;
(9) desperate ground.

2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,
it is dispersive ground.

3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory,
but to no great distance, it is facile ground.

4. Ground the possession of which imports great
advantage to either side, is contentious ground.

5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement
is open ground.

6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,
so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire
at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.

7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a
hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities
in its rear, it is serious ground.

8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all
country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.

9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,
and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths,
so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush
a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.

10. Ground on which we can only be saved from
destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.

11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not.
On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground,
attack not.

12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way.
On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands
with your allies.

13. On serious ground, gather in plunder.
In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.

14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem.
On desperate ground, fight.

15. Those who were called skilful leaders of old knew
how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear;
to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions;
to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad,
the officers from rallying their men.

16. When the enemy's men were united, they managed
to keep them in disorder.

17. When it was to their advantage, they made
a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.

18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy
in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack,
I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your
opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."

19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of
the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes,
and attack unguarded spots.

20. The following are the principles to be observed
by an invading force: The further you penetrate into
a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops,
and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.

21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply
your army with food.

22. Carefully study the well-being of your men,
and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard
your strength. Keep your army continually on the move,
and devise unfathomable plans.

23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there
is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight.
If they will face death, there is nothing they may
not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth
their uttermost strength.

24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose
the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge,
they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country,
they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help
for it, they will fight hard.

25. Thus, without waiting to be marshalled, the soldiers
will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to
be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions,
they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can
be trusted.

26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with
superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes,
no calamity need be feared.

27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money,
it is not because they have a distaste for riches;
if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they
are disinclined to longevity.

28. On the day they are ordered out to battle,
your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing
their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run
down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay,
and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.

29. The skilful tactician may be likened to the
shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found
in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you
will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you
will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle,
and you will be attacked by head and tail both.

30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan,
I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men
of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river
in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come
to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right.

31. Hence it is not enough to put one's trust
in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot
wheels in the ground

32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set
up one standard of courage which all must reach.

33. How to make the best of both strong and weak--that
is a question involving the proper use of ground.

34. Thus the skilful general conducts his army just
as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by
the hand.

35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus
ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.

36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men
by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them
in total ignorance.

37. By altering his arrangements and changing
his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge.
By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes,
he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.

38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army
acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks
away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep
into hostile territory before he shows his hand.

39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots;
like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives
his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he
is going.

40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this
may be termed the business of the general.

41. The different measures suited to the nine
varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or
defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature:
these are things that must most certainly be studied.

42. When invading hostile territory, the general
principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion;
penetrating but a short way means dispersion.

43. When you leave your own country behind, and take
your army across neighbourhood territory, you find yourself
on critical ground. When there are means of communication
on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.

44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is
serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way,
it is facile ground.

45. When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear,
and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground.
When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.

46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire
my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would
see that there is close connection between all parts
of my army.

47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.

48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye
on my defences. On ground of intersecting highways,
I would consolidate my alliances.

49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure
a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground,
I would keep pushing on along the road.

50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way
of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim
to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.

51. For it is the soldier's disposition to offer
an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard
when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he
has fallen into danger.

52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighbouring
princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are
not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar
with the face of the country--its mountains and forests,
its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account
unless we make use of local guides.

53. To be ignored of any one of the following four
or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.

54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state,
his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration
of the enemy's forces. He overawes his opponents,
and their allies are prevented from joining against him.

55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all
and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states.
He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his
antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their
cities and overthrow their kingdoms.

56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule,
issue orders without regard to previous arrangements;
and you will be able to handle a whole army as though
you had to do with but a single man.

57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself;
never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright,
bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when
the situation is gloomy.

58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive;
plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off
in safety.

59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into
harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.

60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully
accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose.

61. By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall
succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.

62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing
by sheer cunning.

63. On the day that you take up your command,
block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies,
and stop the passage of all emissaries.

64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you
may control the situation.

65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.

66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear,
and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.

67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate
yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.

68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden,
until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate
the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late
for the enemy to oppose you.