《孫子兵法》軍爭篇第七 軍爭篇
孫子曰:凡用兵之法, 將受命於君,合軍聚眾,交和而舍,莫難於軍
爭。軍爭之難者,以迂為直,以患為利。故迂其途,而誘之以利,後
人發,先人至,此知迂直之計者 也。
孫子曰:凡用兵之法, 將受命於君,合軍聚眾,交和而舍,莫難於軍
爭。軍爭之難者,以迂為直,以患為利。故迂其途,而誘之以利,後
人發,先人至,此知迂直之計者 也。
故軍爭為利,軍爭為危。舉軍而爭利,則不及
﹔委軍而爭利,則輜重
捐。是故卷甲而趨,日夜不處,倍道兼行,百里而爭利,則擒三將軍
,勁者先,疲者後,其法十一而至﹔五十里而爭利,則 蹶上將軍,其
法半至﹔三十里而爭利,則三分之二至。是故軍無輜重則亡,無糧食
則亡,無委積則亡。
捐。是故卷甲而趨,日夜不處,倍道兼行,百里而爭利,則擒三將軍
,勁者先,疲者後,其法十一而至﹔五十里而爭利,則 蹶上將軍,其
法半至﹔三十里而爭利,則三分之二至。是故軍無輜重則亡,無糧食
則亡,無委積則亡。
故不知諸侯之謀者,不能豫交﹔不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者,不能
行軍 ﹔不用鄉導者,不能得地利。
行軍 ﹔不用鄉導者,不能得地利。
故兵以詐立,以利
動,以分和為變者也。
故其疾如風,其徐如林,侵
掠如火,不動如山,難知如陰,動如雷震
。
。
掠
鄉分眾,廓地分守,懸權而動。
先知迂直之計者
勝,此軍爭之法也。
軍政曰:「言不相聞,故為金
鼓;視而不見,故為旌旗。」夫
金鼓旌旗者,所以一人之耳目也;人既專一, 則勇者不得獨進,
怯者不得獨退,此用眾之法也。故夜戰多火鼓,
晝 戰多旌旗,所以變人之耳目也。
金鼓旌旗者,所以一人之耳目也;人既專一, 則勇者不得獨進,
怯者不得獨退,此用眾之法也。故夜戰多火鼓,
晝 戰多旌旗,所以變人之耳目也。
故三軍可奪氣,將
軍可奪心。是故朝氣銳,晝氣惰,暮氣歸。故善用
兵者,避其銳氣,擊其惰歸,此治氣者也。以治待亂,以靜待嘩,此
治心者也。以近待遠,以佚 待勞,以飽待飢,此治力者也。無邀正正
之旗,無擊堂堂之陣,此治變者也。
兵者,避其銳氣,擊其惰歸,此治氣者也。以治待亂,以靜待嘩,此
治心者也。以近待遠,以佚 待勞,以飽待飢,此治力者也。無邀正正
之旗,無擊堂堂之陣,此治變者也。
故用兵之法,高陵勿曏,背丘勿逆,佯北勿從,銳卒勿攻,餌兵勿食
,歸師勿遏,圍師遺闕,窮寇勿迫,此用兵之法 也。
,歸師勿遏,圍師遺闕,窮寇勿迫,此用兵之法 也。
VII. MANOEUVRING
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his
commands from the sovereign.
2. Having collected an army and
concentrated his forces,
he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof
before pitching his camp.
he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof
before pitching his camp.
3. After that,
comes tactical manoeuvring,
than which there is nothing more difficult.
The difficulty of tactical manoeuvring consists
in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
than which there is nothing more difficult.
The difficulty of tactical manoeuvring consists
in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
4. Thus, to
take a long and circuitous route,
after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting
after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him,
shows knowledge of the artifice of deviation.
after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting
after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him,
shows knowledge of the artifice of deviation.
5.
Manoeuvring with an army is advantageous;
with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.
with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.
6. If you set a fully equipped army
in march in order
to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be
too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column
for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage
and stores.
to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be
too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column
for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage
and stores.
7. Thus, if
you order your men to roll up their
buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day
or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,
doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage,
the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into
the hands of the enemy.
buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day
or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,
doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage,
the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into
the hands of the enemy.
8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded
ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth
of your army will reach its destination.
ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth
of your army will reach its destination.
9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmanoeuvre
the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division,
and only half your force will reach the goal.
the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division,
and only half your force will reach the goal.
10. If you march thirty LI with the
same object,
two-thirds of your army will arrive.
two-thirds of your army will arrive.
11. We may
take it then that an army without its
baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost;
without bases of supply it is lost.
baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost;
without bases of supply it is lost.
12. We cannot
enter into alliances until we are
acquainted with the designs of our neighbours.
acquainted with the designs of our neighbours.
13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march
unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its
mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices,
its marshes and swamps.
unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its
mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices,
its marshes and swamps.
14. We shall
be unable to turn natural advantage
to account unless we make use of local guides.
to account unless we make use of local guides.
15. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.
16. Whether
to concentrate or to divide your troops,
must be decided by circumstances.
must be decided by circumstances.
17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind,
your compactness that of the forest.
your compactness that of the forest.
18. In raiding and plundering be
like fire,
is immovability like a mountain.
is immovability like a mountain.
19. Let your
plans be dark and impenetrable as night,
and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.
and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.
20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be
divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory,
cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.
divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory,
cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.
21. Ponder and deliberate before
you make a move.
22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice
of deviation. Such is the art of manoeuvring.
of deviation. Such is the art of manoeuvring.
23. The Book of Army Management
says: On the field
of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough:
hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary
objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution
of banners and flags.
of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough:
hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary
objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution
of banners and flags.
24. Gongs and
drums, banners and flags, are means
whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused
on one particular point.
whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused
on one particular point.
25. The host
thus forming a single united body,
is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone,
or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art
of handling large masses of men.
is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone,
or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art
of handling large masses of men.
26. In night-fighting, then, make
much use of signal-fires
and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners,
as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners,
as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit;
a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.
a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.
28. Now a
soldier's spirit is keenest in the morning;
by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening,
his mind is bent only on returning to camp.
by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening,
his mind is bent only on returning to camp.
29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when
its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish
and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.
its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish
and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.
30. Disciplined and calm, to await
the appearance
of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art
of retaining self-possession.
of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art
of retaining self-possession.
31. To be near the goal while the
enemy is still
far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is
toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy
is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one's strength.
far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is
toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy
is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one's strength.
32. To refrain from intercepting an
enemy whose
banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking
an army drawn up in calm and confident array:--this
is the art of studying circumstances.
banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking
an army drawn up in calm and confident array:--this
is the art of studying circumstances.
33. It is a military axiom not to
advance uphill
against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight;
do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.
do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.
35. Do not swallow bait offered by
the enemy.
Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.
Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.
36. When you
surround an army, leave an outlet free.
Do not press a desperate foe too hard.
Do not press a desperate foe too hard.
37. Such is the art of warfare.
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