定爵第三
凡战：定爵位，著功罪；收游士，申教诏；讯厥众，求厥技；方虑极物，辨嫌推疑；养力索巧，因心之动。
凡战：固众相利，治乱，进止，服正，成耻约法省罚；小罪乃杀，小罪胜，大罪因。
顺天、阜财、怿众、利地、右兵，是谓五虑。顺天，奉时；阜财，因敌；怿众，勉若；利地，守隘险阻；右兵，弓矢御，殳矛守，戈戟助。凡五兵五当，长以卫短，短以救长。
迭战则久，皆战则强。见物与侔，是谓两支。主固勉若，视敌而举。
将心，心也；众心，心也；马、牛、车、兵、佚、饱，力也。教，惟豫；战，惟节。将军，身也；卒，支也；五
指，拇也。
凡战，智也；斗，勇也；阵，巧也。用其所欲，行其所能，废其不欲不能；于敌反是。
凡战：有天，有财，有善。时日不迁，龟胜微行，是谓有天；众有有，因生美，是谓有财；人习阵利，极物以豫，是谓有善。
人勉及任，是谓乐人。大军以固，多力以烦，堪物简治，见物应卒，是谓行豫。轻车轻徒，弓矢固御，是谓大军。密静多内力，是谓固阵。因是进退，是谓多力。上暇人教，是谓烦阵。然有以职，是谓堪物。因是辨物。是谓简治。
称众因地，因敌，令阵，攻战守，进退止，前后序，车徒因，是谓战参。不服、不信、不和、怠、疑、厌、慑、枝、柱、诎、顿、肆、崩、缓，是谓战患。
骄骄、慑慑、吟嚝、虞、惧、事悔，是谓毁折。
大小、坚柔、参伍、众寡、凡两，是谓战权。
凡战：间远观迩；因时，因财；贵信，恶疑。
作兵义作事时，使人惠，见敌静，见乱暇见危难，无忘其众。居国惠以信，在军广以武，刃上果以敏。居国和，在军法，刃上察。居国见好，在军见方，刃上见信。
凡阵，行惟疏，战惟密，兵惟杂。人教厚，静乃治，威利章，相守义，则人勉；虑多成，则人服；时中服，厥次治。物既章，目乃明；虑既定，心乃强；进退无疑。见敌无谋，听诛无谁。其名，无变，其旗。
凡事善则长，因古则行；誓作章，人乃强；灭厉祥，灭厉祥之道一：曰义、被之以信，临之以强。
成基一天下之形，人莫不说，是谓兼用其人。一曰权，成其溢，夺其好，我自其外，使自其内。
一曰人，二曰正，三曰辞，四曰巧，五曰火，六曰水，七曰兵，是谓七政。荣、利、耻、死，是谓四守。容色积威，不过改意，凡此道也。
唯仁有亲；有仁无信，反败厥身。人人；正正；辞辞；火火。
凡战之道：既作其气，因发其政；假之以色，道之以辞；因惧而戒，因欲而事；蹈敌制地，以职命之；是谓战法。
凡人之形，由众之求；试以名行，必善，行之。若行不行，身以将之，若行而行，因使勿忘；三乃成章，人生之宜，谓之法。
凡治乱之道：一曰仁，一曰信，三曰直，四曰一，五曰义，六曰变，七曰尊。立法：一曰受，二曰法，三曰立，四曰疾，五曰御其服，六曰等其色，七曰百官宜，无淫服。
凡军：使法在己曰专，与下畏法曰法：军无小听战无小利；日成，行微：曰道。
凡战：正不符，则事专；不服，则法；不相信，则一。若怠，则动之；若疑，则变之；若人不信上，则行其不复；自古之政也。
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定爵 Determining Ranks
(1)
凡战，定爵位，著功罪，收游士，申教诏，询厥众，求厥技，方虑极物，变嫌推疑，养力索巧，因心之动。
In general, to wage war: First determine the rank and position;
prominently announce what are accomplishments and offenses; retain
traveller with talents; publicise instructions and edicts; make
inquiries among the populace; seek out artisans; apply methodology to
planning; fully exploit things, change the people’s hatreds; dispel
doubts; nourish strength; search out and employ the skillful; take
action in accord with people’s hearts.
凡是作战，先要确定军中各级官职爵位，宣布赏罚制度，收用各方游士，颁发军队教令，征询大众的意见，搜罗有技术的人才，多方考虑，弄清各种情况的根源，分辨和推究疑难问题，积蓄力量，寻求巧计，根据民心所向而采取行动。
(2)
凡战，固众，相利，治乱，进止服正，成耻，约法，省罚，小罪乃杀，小罪胜，大罪因。
In general, to wage war, the following needs to be done: Solidify the
morale; analyze the advantages and gains; impose order on chaos;
regulate advancing and stopping; accept upright remonstrance; nourish a
sense of shame; simplify the laws to follow and limit the usage of
punishment; minor offense should be constrained, otherwise major offense
will be committed.
作战必须：巩固军心，明辨利害，治理纷乱，进止有节，服膺正义，激发廉耻，简约法令，少用刑罚，小罪就要制止，犯小罪的如果得逞，犯大罪的也就跟着来了。
(3)
顺天、阜财、怿众、利地、右兵，是谓五虑。顺天奉时，阜财因敌。怪众勉若。利地，守隘险阻。右兵，弓矢御、殳矛守、戈戟助。凡五兵五当，长以卫短，短以救长。迭战则久，皆战则强。见物与侔，是谓两之。
Accord with Heaven; make material resources abundant; bring joy to
the people; take advantage of the terrain; value the use weapons. These
are the "Five Considerations" Accord with Heaven means to make use of
the weather and seasonal changes or the opportunities that comes up; To
accumulate material resources rely on seizing them from the enemy; to
bring joy to the people, wage wars that are in accord with what the
people want; To take advantage of terrain, defend strategic points.
Valuing the use of weapons means using bows and arrows for withstanding
attack, maces and spears for defense and halberds and spear-tipped
halberds for support.
Now each of these five weapons has its appropriate use: The long
protect the short, the short rescue the long. When they are used in
turn, the battle can be sustained. When they are employed all at once,
the army will be strong. When you see the enemy using new weapons, you
should try to replicate it so that you can be a match for him.
顺应天时，广集资财，悦服人心，利用地形，重视运用兵器，这是作战必须考虑的五件事情。顺应天时，就是要利用天候季节，因时制宜地行事。广集资财，
就是要利用敌人物资以增强我之实力。悦服人心，就是要顺应大众意志以勉励士卒杀敌。利用地形，就是要控制隘路、险要、阻绝等地形。重视运用兵器，就是战斗
中要用弓矢掩护、殳矛抵御、戈戟辅助。
这五种兵器有五种用途，长兵器用以掩护短兵器，短兵器用以补救长兵器的不足。“五种兵器”轮番出战可以持久，全部出战就能形成强大力量。发现敌人的新兵器，就应该仿效制造，才能与敌保持力量平衡。
(4)
主固勉若，视敌而举。将心，心也，众心，心也。马、牛、车、兵、佚饱，力也。教惟豫，战惟节。将军，身也，卒，支也，伍，指姆也。
The commanding general should be good at motivating his troops,
solidify their morale. He also needs to monitor the changes in the
enemy's camp and take necessary precautions. The minds of the troops and
the general must be together as one. Horses and oxen are well-fed;
chariots and weapons are maintained well, these are strengths for the
army. Training should be done during peaceful times, and only then
during war, would there be order in the army. The whole army is like a
human, where the commanding general is the body, the general are the
arms and limbs, and the troops are liken the toes and fingers.
主将既要善于勉励士卒，巩固军心，又要仔细观察敌情变化，采取相应的行动。将帅的意志和士卒的意志必须统一，马、牛兵喂饱，休息好，车辆、兵器要妥
善保养，这样，才有战斗力量。训练重在平时，作战重在指挥。将帅好比人的躯干，卒好比人的四肢，伍好比人的手指，〔必须象它们一样地协调一致，才能指挥运
用自如。]
(5)
凡战，权也。斗，勇也。陈，巧也。用其所欲，行其所能，废其不欲不能。于敌反是。
In general, warfare is a battle of wits and combat is a matter of
courage. The deployment of formations is a matter of skill. Employ what
your men want and effect what they are capable of; abolish what they do
not want and are incapable of. Do the opposite to the enemy.
作战指挥要用智谋，战斗行动要靠勇敢，军队布阵要巧妙灵活。要力求实现自己的意图，但也要量力而行，不要去做违反自己意图和力所不及的事。对于敌人则相反，(要使他去做他所不愿做或不能做的事。)
(6)
凡战，有天，有财，有善。时日不迁，龟胜微行，是谓有天。众有，有，因生美，是谓有财。人习陈利，极物以豫，是调有善。人勉及任，是谓乐人。
In general, for warfare, one must have Heaven, material resources and excellence.
Seizing the opportunity; when divining by the tortoise shell
presages victory, start preparing for war in a secretive manner. This is
termed as "having Heaven".
When the masses are rich and plentiful and so is the state, that is termed as "having resources.
When the men are practiced in the relative advantages of the
formations, and they give their best in preparation for battle, this is
termed as "having excellence".
When the people are encouraged and give their best in fulfilling their responsibilities, the are termed as "happy people".
凡是作战，应该有天，有财，有善。遇着好时机不要错过，占卜有了胜利的征兆就机密行动，这就叫“有天”。民众富足，国力充沛，这就叫“有财”。士卒训练有素，阵法熟练，物资器材预有准备，这就叫“有善”。人人都能尽力去完成战斗任务，这就叫“乐人”。
(7)
大军以固，多力以烦，堪物简治，见物应卒，是谓行豫。轻车轻徒，弓矢固御，是谓大军。密静多内力，是谓固陈。因是进退，是谓多力。上暇人数，是谓烦陈。然有以职，是谓堪物。因是辨物，是谓简治。
Increasing the strength of the army and making the formations solid;
making the numbers adequate and constantly training the troops; relying
on the many talents to manage all military affairs; perceiving the
nature of things and responding to the sudden events. This is termed as
'preparation for the foreseeable'.
Fast chariots and fleet infantrymen, bows and arrows, and a
strong defense are what is meant by 'increasing the army'. Secrecy and
silence and increasing one's strength are what is meant by 'making the
formations solid'. On this basis, being able to advance or withdraw are
what is meant by 'multiplying strength'. At times of little activity,
the upper ranks instruct and constantly drill the lower ranks. This is
what is meant by 'training in formations'. When there are appropriate
offices, it is termed as 'all matters are well managed'. When in accord
with this things are perceived and managed, it is referred to as
'simplifying administration'.
军队强大而阵势巩固，兵员充实而战法熟练，选拔各种人才去管理各项事务，洞察各种情况以应付突然事变，这就是预有准备。兵车轻快，步兵精锐，弓箭足
以固守，这就是强大的军队。行动隐秘肃静，增强自身的战斗力，这就是巩固的阵势。凭借这样的阵势而又进退合宜，这就是增强了战斗力。主将利用闲暇时间教导
士卒熟练阵法，这就是频繁排阵。各项事物，都有人负责，这就叫事事有人管。人人胜任职务而能分清事物的轻重缓急，这就是用人得当。
(8)
称众因地，因敌令陈；攻战守，进退止，前后序，车徒因，是谓战参。不服、不信、不和、怠、疑、厌、慑、枝、拄、诎、顿、肆、崩、缓，是渭战患。骄傲，慑慑，吟旷，虞惧，事悔，是谓毁折。大小，坚柔，参伍，众寡，凡两，是谓战权。
Determine the size of your troops according to the terrain, and
deploy your formation according to the enemy's situation. When to
attack, wage battle, defend, advance, retreat and stop, the front and
rear are ordered and the chariots and infantry move in concord, these
are matter that need to be considered during war. Disobedience, do not
trust each other, not in harmony, are lax, doubtful, weary, cower, low
fighting spirit, arrogant towards upper ranks, grievance cannot be
addressed, tired, unrestrained, disunity, slow; all these are disasters
to the war. When they suffer from extreme arrogance, abject terror,
moaning and grumbling, constant fear and show frequent regrets over
action taken; they are what caused the demise of the army. Being able to
be large or small or firm or weak, to change formations, and to use
large numbers or small groups, with respect to the enemy's situation.
All these are termed as the 'control of war'.
衡量我军兵力，适应地形条件和敌人情况而确定我军阵形；掌握攻、战、守的变化，前进、后退或停止的时机，注意前后的顺序以及战车与步兵的协同，这些
都是临战应该考虑的事情。对上级不服从、不信任、彼此不和睦、怠忽职守、互相猜疑、厌恶作战、畏惧敌人、军心涣散、互相责难、委屈难伸、疲劳困顿、肄无忌
惮、分崩离析、纪律废弛、这些都是作战的祸患。骄傲已极，畏惧太甚，士卒呻吟吵闹，军心忧虑惶恐，朝令夕改，这会导致军队的覆灭。声势宜大宜小，战法用刚
用柔，编组用参用伍，兵力用多用少，都必须从利害两个方面加以考虑，这是作战的权变。
(9)
凡战，间远，观迩，因时，因财，发信，恶疑。作兵义，作事时，使人惠，见敌静，见乱暇，见危难无忘其众。
In general, to wage war, employ spies against the distant; observe
the near; seize opportunities; take advantage of the enemy's material
resources where possible. The army should esteem good faith and abhor
the doubtful. Arouse the soldiers with fervor of righteousness.
Undertake affairs at the appropriate time. Employ people with kindness.
When you see the enemy, remain quiet; when you see turbulence, do not be
hasty to respond; when you see danger and hardship, do not abandon the
masses.
一般作战，侦察敌情远处用间谍，近处用观察。用兵作战要抓住时机，适应财力。军队内部要崇尚诚信，切戒猜疑。兴兵要合乎正义，做事要抓住时机，用人要施恩惠，遇敌必须沉着，遇着混乱必须从容，遇着危险和艰难不要忘掉部队。
(10)
居国惠以信，在军广以武，刃上果以敏。居国和，在军法，刃上察。居国见好，在军见方，刃上见信。
Within the state, be generous and foster good faith. Within the army,
be magnanimous but strict. When facing the enemy, be decisive and
nimble. Within the state, there should be harmony across all ranks.
Within the army, rules must be clear and strictly adhere to. When facing
the enemy, investigate the situation well. Within the state display the
right virtues. Within the army, display uprightness. In battle display
good faith.
治国要施恩惠讲信用，治军要宽厚要威严，临阵要果断要敏捷。治国要上下和睦，治军兵法令严明，临阵要明察情况。治国要显露美德，率军要表现方正，作战要显示诚实。
(11)
凡陈，行惟疏，战惟密，兵惟杂，人教厚，静乃治。威利章，相守义，则人勉。虑多成则人服。时中服厥次治。物既章，目乃明。虑既定，心乃强。进退无疑见敌无谋，听诛。无诳其名，无变其旗。
For military formations, when advancing, the most important thing is
for the ranks to be dispersed; when engaged in a battle, it should be
dense and for the weapons, it should be mixed. Troops should be
well-trained, and remain calm at all times, only then can the formation
be well-ordered. When orders are clear and accurate, the upper and lower
ranks observe righteousness, only then will the troops be motivated.
When many well conceived plans prove successful, the people will submit.
If people submit at all times, then affairs will be finished at the
correct order. When the banners are bright and contrasting, then the
troops can see it clearly. When plans have been finalised, the
determination should also be made. For enemies that are indecisive, to
advance or retreat, or without plans, attack them. Do not change your
cause for war or the banner signals.
一般布阵，军队的行列既要求疏散[以便使用兵器]；又要求密集[以便于战斗]。兵器要多种多样配合使用，士卒要训练有素，要沉着镇静，阵形才能保持
严整。威令鲜明准确，上下遵守信义，就能人人奋勉。谋划屡次成功就能使人信服。人人心悦诚服，事情就能依次办好。旗帜鲜明，部队才看得清楚。作战计谋既经
确定，决心就应坚定。对那些进退不定，遇敌无谋的人，应予以惩罚。[临阵的时候]，不要随意乱用金鼓，不要轻易改变旗号，[以免引起错觉和迷乱。]
(12)
凡事善则长，因古则行。誓作章，入乃强，灭历祥。灭厉之道：一曰义。被之以信，临之以强，成基一天下之形，人莫不就，是谓兼用其人。一曰权。成其溢，夺其好，我自其外，使自其内。
Whenever affairs are well executed, they will endure; when they
accord with ancient ways, they can be affected. When the oath is clear,
morale will be high and you can extinguish the enemy. The way to
eliminate enemy is either to use righteousness or power. One can use
righteousness to gain the good faith of the enemy, uniting the realm.
This then allow one to use the people of enemy's state as well. One can
also use power to make the enemy submit. Rouse his arrogance and attack
his weaknesses. Use troops to attack from outside and use spies to
attack from within.
凡是好的事情就能保特长久，按照古法办事就能顺利推行。战斗誓词鲜明有力，士气就会旺盛，就能消灭一切敌人。消灭敌人的方法：一是用道义。就是以诚
信感召敌人，以威力慑服敌人，造成统一天下的形势，使人人心悦诚服，这就能争取敌国的人为我所用。二是用权谋。就是设法助长敌人的骄横，夺取敌人的要害，
用兵力从外部向它进攻；用间谍从内部策应。
(13)
一曰人，二曰正，三曰辞，四曰巧，五曰火，六曰水，七曰兵，是谓七政。荣、利、耻、死，是谓四守。容色积威，不过改意。凡此道也。
First is management of talents; second is strict adherent to rules;
third is clear orders and cause; fourth is management of skill set;
fifth is skill in using fire; sixth is skill in marine battle; seventh
is skill in using weapons. They are referred to as the Seven Military
Affairs;
Glory, profit, shame and death are referred to as the Four Controls, that will make people observe the rules.
Being tolerant or being strict are merely just ways to prevent transgressions and change intentions.
一是广罗人才，二是严肃法纪，三是注重宣传，四是讲求技巧。五是善用火攻，六是习于水战，七是改善兵器，这是七种军国大政。荣誉、利禄、耻辱、刑罚，这是四种令人遵守法纪的手段。和颜悦色地讲道理或严厉地予以管教，都不过是为了使人改恶从善。所有这些都是治军的方法。
(14)
唯仁有亲。有仁无信，反败厥身。人人，正正，辞辞，火火。
Only benevolence can attract people; however if one is benevolent but
not trustworthy, then on he will vanquish himself. Treat men as men, be
upright with upright, employ the appropriate language, and use fire
only when it should be used.
只有仁爱，才能使人亲近。但是只讲仁爱而不许信义，反会使自已遭到失败。用人要知人善任，正人必先正己，言辞必须严正，火攻必须用得适宜。
(15)
凡战之道：既作其气，因发其政。假之以色，道之以辞。因惧而戒，因欲而事，蹈敌制地，以职命之，是谓战法。
The principles of war is this, after you have rallied the troops,
governmental measures must be set up. Treat your troops with benign
countenance and lead them with sincere words. Use their fear to warn
them, use their desire to control them. When in enemy territory, control
the strategic location and place the right people in positions.
一般作战的原则：已经鼓舞了士气，接着就要颁布纪律。对待士卒要和颜悦色，教导士卒要言辞恳切。利用他们畏惧的心理而告诫他们，利用他们的欲望而使用他们，进入敌境就要控制有利地形，并按将士的职位分派他们任务，这就是战法。
(16)
凡人之形；由众之求，试以名行，必善行之。若行不行，身以将之。若行而行，因使勿忘，三乃成章，人生之宜，谓之法。
Protocols and policies of tasks and systems that are to be executed
should come from the masses. They should be tested and evaluated to the
furthest extent. If they cannot be done, then the general should lead by
example on how the tasks and system should be executed. If they can be
done, then make sure the troops knows them. By executing them several
times, in time people will remember them and they become true protocols
and policies. And soon these protocols and policies would be known as
the law.
凡是要求人们执行的规章制度，都应来源予大众的要求。在试行中检验其是否名副其实[卓有成效]。并力求妥善地、彻众地予以执行。如果有可以做到而没
有做到的，将帅就要亲自带头去做。如果一切都做到了，就进而要求部队牢记这些准则，经过多次反复执行，就形成了规章制度，这些符合人们要求的规章制度，就
叫做 “法”。
(17)
凡治乱之道，一曰仁，二曰信，三曰直，四曰一，五曰义，六曰变，七曰专。
The way to manage chaos or imposing order consists of benevolence,
credibility, straightforwardness, unity, righteousness, change wrought
by authority and centralized authority.
治乱的方法，一是仁爱，二是信用，三是直率，四是统一，五是道义，六是权变，七是集中指挥。
(18)
立法，一曰受，二曰法，三曰立，四曰疾，五曰御其服，六曰等其色，七曰百官宜无淫服。
The principles of establishing the law system are acceptance by
people, the laws must be clear, the laws must be strictly adhere to,
must be executed at the earliest possible moment, establish rankings,
use colors to distinguish the rankings and all officers are to dressed
according to protocols.
建立法制，一要使人能接受。二要法令严明，三要有法必依，四要雷厉风行，五要规定各级服制，六要用颜色区别等级，七要使官吏按规定着装，不得混乱。
(19)
凡军，使法在己曰专。与下畏法曰法。军无小听，战无小利，日成，行微曰道。
When the power of authority falls solely with oneself, it is termed
as 'centralized'. When those below the ruler fear the law, then it is
termed as 'law'. In the army, troops should not listen to commands from
dubious sources. When in battle, should not hanker small advantages, its
plans should achieve result successfully and should be executed in
subtle fashion.
治军，执行法令完全由将帅作主的叫做“专”。上下都一致遵守的才能叫做“法”。[军队要听从统一的指挥号令]而不要听信非正式的传说。作战时不要贪图小利，计划要能即日成功，行动要求隐密莫测，这才是治军之道。
(20)
凡战，正不行则事专，不服则法。不相信则一，若怠则动之，若疑则变之，若人不信上，则行其不复。自古之政也。
When upright methods do not prove to be effective, then centralized
control of affairs must be undertaken, if people do not submit to
Virtue, then laws will have to be imposed. If they do not trust each
other then orders have to come from one source. If they are dilatory,
motivate them. If they have doubts, try to change them. If people do not
trust the ruler, then whatever is promulgated must not be revised. This
has been the administrative rule from antiquity.
一般作战时，用正常的办法行不通就要用专断，不服从的就用军法制裁。如果互不相信就要使之统一认识，如果军心懈怠就应加以鼓舞，如果下级产生疑惧就设法改变这种情况，如果下级不信任上级命令，更要坚决执行而不轻易改变。这些都是从古以来治军作战的方法。
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